At a glance
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Reducing the Risk of HIV/STD Infection Among African American Men
In Brief
A clinical study evaluating STAND HIV Risk Reduction Intervention and Text Messaging Intervention for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD). Completed, enrolled 391 participants across 1 site.
Detailed Summary
African American men have by far the highest rates of HIV in the US, but there are few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of interventions to dissuade heterosexually active African American men from engaging sexual risk behavior. This research seeks to address this gap in the behavioral intervention literature. That self-initiated behavior change, as well as intervention-induced behavior change, is often short-lived, eroding over time, is widely known; accordingly, this research also seeks to test a strategy to sustain intervention efficacy. In a RCT, African American men 18 to 45 years reporting recent unprotected intercourse with a woman will be randomized to the Steering Together in a New Direction (STAND) HIV Risk Reduction Intervention or a No-Intervention Control Condition. To test a strategy to sustain intervention effects, the men also will be randomized to receive or not receive individually tailored text messages. The theoretical basis of the interventions is social cognitive theory and the reasoned action approach, which is an extension of the theory of planned behavior and the theory of reasoned action. Men will complete self-report measures via audio computer-assisted self-interviewing at baseline and immediately post and 6 and 12 months post-intervention. The trial will test whether the STAND HIV Risk Reduction Intervention as compared with the No-Intervention Control Condition, increases consistent condom use, the primary outcome. Secondary outcomes include unprotected intercourse, multiple sexual partners, insertive anal intercourse, and proportion condom-protected intercourse. The trial will also test whether STAND's efficacy is greater among men in the Text Messaging Intervention compared with men not receiving text messages. This will provide information on the utility of a low-cost strategy to extend an intervention's efficacy. Finally, the study will test for mediation of intervention effects: the hypothesis that STAND affects outcome expectancies and self-efficacy, which, in turn, affect consistent condom use.
Study Details
Timeline
Interventions
STAND HIV Risk Reduction Intervention, designed to increase consistent condom use and reduce other sexual risk behaviors, is implemented in small groups over 2 weekly 135-minute sessions. It draws on social cognitive theory, the reasoned action approach, and focus groups, a prospective survey, and an intervention pilot test with African American men. It contains culturally appropriate video clips, interactive activities, brainstorming, role-playing, and discussions designed to affect hypothesized mediators of risk-reducing behavior, including outcome expectancies about the effects of condom use on sexual enjoyment; self-efficacy and skill to have condoms available and to stop to use condoms or refuse unsafe sex even when aroused; and self-efficacy and skill to negotiate condom use.
Text Messaging Intervention participants receive text messages designed to increase the consistent use of condoms and to reduce other sexual risk behaviors. They receive 3 times a week text messages that ask about their sexual behavior and condom use that day and are asked to respond with either a 1 or 2 numeric response to indicate yes or no. Based on their responses, they receive either an affirming, pro safe-sex text message or a cautionary text against unprotected sex.