At a glance
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A Single-blind Randomised Study to Test the Effects of Protein-enriched Breakfast Meals With Varying Protein Sources Compared to a Standard Meal on the Regulation of Appetite and Satiety in Healthy Human Volunteers
In Brief
A clinical study evaluating Oat porridge, Whey protein isolate, and 2 other interventions for Appetite and General Nutritional Disorders. Completed, enrolled 12 participants across 1 site.
Detailed Summary
INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a global epidemic, with over 2.5 billion adults being classified as overweight and 890 million of these classified as obese. Overweight and obesity are the 5th cause of mortality globally, with an estimated 2.8 million related deaths among adults. The rising prevalence of obesity in adults is leading to a rise in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes, with an estimated 462 million individuals affected globally. At present, the most effective non-surgical obesity treatments offered by the National Health Service (NHS) are the subcutaneously administered GLP-1 receptor agonists. However, they may present potentially serious side effects following short-term use, and there are still uncertainties around long-term use side effects. Therefore, a dietary approach to weight loss or maintenance seems preferable. Increasing protein intake is a commonly applied nutritional approach to appetite regulation. The increase in protein intake is often achieved by supplementation, using proteins isolated from dairy, such as whey and casein. However, with more individuals following plant-based diets over recent years, the interest in plant-based protein supplements has increased. While dairy-based proteins are well-characterised, the appetite regulatory characteristics of plant-based proteins have not yet been fully elucidated. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of protein-enriched food items on appetite regulation compared to a standard carbohydrate-rich meal. Furthermore, this study will investigate whether there are any differences in appetite-related hormonal responses to a plant protein-containing meal replacement shake (containing rice and pea protein) or a potato protein-enriched standard carbohydrate-based meal compared to a whey protein-enriched standard carbohydrate-based meal.
Study Details
Timeline
Interventions
Oat flakes, 81g (equivalent to 9 g of protein), were presented to participants in the form of porridge, prepared with 500 mL coconut milk (equivalent to 0.5 g of protein) and 10 g of zero calorie sugar free syrup. The total energy content was equivalent to 400 Kcal. Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study.
Whey protein isolate, 38g (equivalent to 34.2 g of protein), was presented to participants in the form of a porridge. Other ingredients in the whey protein enriched porridge: * Oat flakes 54 g (equivalent to 6 g of protein) * Coconut milk 300 mL (equivalent to 0.3 g of protein) * Water 150 mL * Zero calorie sugar free syrup 10 g The total energy content was equivalent to 401.74 Kcal. Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study
Potato protein isolate, 38g (equivalent to 34.39 g of protein), was presented to participants in the form of a porridge. Other ingredients in the potato protein enriched porridge: * Oat flakes 54 g (equivalent to 6 g of protein) * Coconut milk 300 mL (equivalent to 0.3 g of protein) * Water 150 mL * Zero calorie sugar free syrup 10 g The total energy content equiv. 401.36 Kcal. Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study.
A meal replacement, 90 g (equivalent to 40 g of total protein), was presented to participants in the form of a shake. Other ingredients in the meal replacement shake: \- Water 500 mL The total energy was equivalent to 400 Kcal Participants were instructed to consume the entire meal replacement shake presented to them in 15 minutes on an empty stomach when attending the study.